Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example This essay stresses that CSR has been known to have a great positive impact on the reputation of a business but very little, if any, impact on the profit margins of a company. This paper declares that the level to which these principles are applied is institutional and is on the basis of a firms basic business obligations as a business unit. Principles of social responsiveness are of value simply because they define the institutional relationship between businesses and the society and gives a specification of what is expected of the business. This being the first level of measuring CSR, it is all about the relationship between the relationship between businesses and the society at large. This level has three major elements. The first major element is legitimacy. This concerns the business as a social institution and it frames the analytical view of the relationship between a business and society. The second element is public responsibility. This concerns the individual firm and its processes and outcomes within the framework of its own principles in terms of what it actually does. The third element is managerial discretion. This element refers to the membe rs of the organization, managers especially, as moral actors of the company. Managers are under obligation to exercise discretion as is availed to them towards socially responsible outcomes within every domain of corporate social responsibility.... Just like any other business variable, CSR is measureable. Much interest has grown on the measurement of CSR and as a result, people have developed numerous literary documents that try to explain how CSR can be measured. The most common approach for measuring CSR is a systems model that is referred to as the 3p Model (Hopkins 2012). This model evaluates the CSR performance of a business on three levels namely: Principles of social responsibility; Processes of social responsiveness; and Products or the outcomes as they relate to the firms societal relationships. Principles of Social Responsiveness The level to which these principles are applied is institutional and is on the basis of a firms basic business obligations as a business unit. Principles of social responsiveness are of value simply because they define the institutional relationship between businesses and the society and gives a specification of what is expected of the business. This being the first level of measuring CSR, i t is all about the relationship between the relationship between businesses and the society at large. This level has three major elements. The first major element is legitimacy. This concerns the business as a social institution and it frames the analytical view of the relationship between a business and society. The second element is public responsibility. This concerns the individual firm and its processes and outcomes within the framework of its own principles in terms of what it actually does. The third element is managerial discretion. This element refers to the members of the organization, managers especially, as moral actors of the company. Managers are under obligation

Death Penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Death Penalty - Research Paper Example The death penalty Introduction There are many punishments that a criminal can face if found guilty of a greater crime, but none is as jarring and final as the death penalty. The death penalty is the sentencing of death to a person who has been found guilty of a criminal offense. When a crime results in the death penalty, the crime is known as a capital crime or capital offense. A lesser crime does not hold the possibility of resulting in the death penalty; a person may face the death penalty if they are found guilty of first degree murder, but not for grand larceny. The death penalty in the United States is only inflicted when the guilty offender has willingly taken the innocent life of another or more than one person. In some states, attempted suicide can be met with the death penalty as the person is attempting to take a life (Carmen, 2008). The ultimate purpose of the death penalty is to take a life for another life. The death penalty is considered to be one of the most controvers ial punishments for criminal offenders. While there are people that believe the punishment follows the adage â€Å"eye for an eye†, there are still others that feel that governments and countries should be â€Å"practicing what they preach† instead of condoning murder by killing another, even if it is done in the name of justice. Regardless of these opinions, the death penalty is alive and well in thirty-five states, the United States military, and the United States government, as well as countless other countries. History of the death penalty law The death penalty has been around for hundreds of years in the United States, though it also has history in Europe in the pre-America era. Practiced by many countries and villages, the death penalty was not nearly as sophisticated as it is today. First and foremost, the death penalty was not only limited to murder, but expanded to include sexual crimes, such as adultery and sodomy, drug and human trafficking, and treason. Som e countries today still recognize some of these offenses as crimes being worthy of the death penalty. Treason resulting in the death penalty is still highly common among militaries throughout the world. If another life was taken or put at stake, then the person who placed them in that position would be faced with death. The methods of how the death penalty was to be implemented have also evolved. One of the earliest methods of the death penalty was by means of stoning. Usually regarded as a public spectacle to make both the crime and the consequence known, the criminal would stand in a designated meeting area before many of the townspeople, all of whom would often play a part in throwing the stones that would kill the criminal (Hood & Hoyle, 2008). Other antiquated methods included hanging and beheading; again, these would take place in public areas to serve as a lesson to prevent further criminal activity. Torture was another common method, one that is looked upon today as being bo th immoral and unethical. Other methods that were observed, though were not as common, were boiling to death, disembowelment, burning, or being slowly sliced or impaled repeatedly. People during these times did not have the fancy machines or equipment that we have now, so they had no choice but to work with what they already had. They got creative with their punishments, looking for methods that would not only get the job done but also supply the criminal with plenty of pain. The gruesome images

Uniform costing

Uniform costing Uniform costing is not a separate or distinct method of cost accounting like job costing or process costing. It is only a system of cost accounting to be used by the members of the industry or trade association. It involves adoption of same costing principles, practices and procedures by the individual members of the industry for inter-firm comparison.The system is made operative through Trade Association or Chamber of Commerce or some other central agency. Its underlying idea is that whatever costing methods are used, the same should be applied uniformly by all the members of the industry. Before a uniform costing system is applied, it is utmost necessary to educate the members about the desirability of this system and its underlying principles. Uniform costing is not a new concept. It was first introduced by the National Association of Stove Manufacturers of U.S.A. which developed a uniform formula for use by its members for costing industrys products. Similarly, a uniform costing system was adopted for printing industry in the United States. But in U.K., British Federation of Master Printers was the first organisation to introduce a uniform costing system. In India, it is being used in coal industry, steel industry and fertiliser industry. There is a good scope of using uniform costing system in other industries too. CIMA defines uniform accounting as â€Å"a system, using common concepts, principles and standard accounting practice, adopted by different entities in the same industry to facilitate inter-firm comparison.† Application Of Uniform Costing System:- Single Company having a number of factories located at different places producing similar products or performing similar operations. For example, this system is being used by Associated Cement Company for its plants. In this case, management prescribes a set of forms and procedures for the plant and all the records are maintained in a uniform manner. A number of companies within the same industry. Normally Trade Associations or Chambers of Commerce coordinates the function of uniform costing system. Members of the association are required to maintain uniform costing records which are helpful in measuring the operating efficiency of its members. It ensures that cost data submitted by member companies are comparable and consistent. Introduction of Uniform Costing helps the companies to submit reliable cost data to price fixing bodies, like Bureau of Industrial costs and Prices or other Govt. departments to determine the average cost and fixing the fair selling prices of various products. Objectives Of Uniform Costing:- To have a reliable cost data for inter-unit or inter-firm comparison of costs. To compare the operational efficiency of individual members against industrys overall performance of all member units. To fix a common selling price for the industry as a whole on the basis of cost of production of all member units. To reveal lines of individual products which have been marketed on an unprofitable basis. To reveal lines of individual products which have been marketed on an improfitable basis. Member-companies adopt one best method of cost accounting system known to the industry. This eliminates unsound method and saves costs required in perfecting systems through expensive experimentation. New companies can adopt it as a ready-made system. Other companies can adopt the common system for improving their existing system. It develops a sense of awareness for production efficiencies within the industry for controlling costs. It provides standard guidelines for pricing of products and indicates how prices fixed below la certain level may be self-defeating even though it may bring additional sales. It is beneficial to all the competing companies for filling tenders and quotations and consequently ill-effects of competition are avoided. In case of ‘cost-plus contracts, uniform costing facilitates preparation of cost sheets on commonly accepted standard principles and practices. Thus, it helps early finalization of ‘cost plus claims. It helps the Chambers of Commerce and Industry to present their case to Government on matters such as tariffs or export incentives. It encourages research and development work at comparatively low cost to the member-companies. The benefits of research and development carried out by large scale organized units can be shared by the small units. It enables the member-companies to receive the services of cost experts jointly with the minimum expenditure. It facilities the introduction of uniform wage structure for the industry as a whole. It serves as a pre-requisite to cost audit and inter-firm comparison. The various member-units in an industry differ widely with regard to location, age, condition of plant and degree of mechanization. This difference is sometimes so wide that it does not permit efficient use of uniform costing system. For smaller units, this system may not commensurate with the benefits derived. Uniform costing system may not commensurate with the benefits derived. The standard terminology used in the uniform costing system may not be understood properly by the member companies. However, this objective can be overcome by introduction of Uniform Costing. For Successful Application Of Uniform Costing System, The Following Conditions Must Be Satisfied: The members of the trade association or Chamber of Commerce should work with a spirit of mutual trust and cooperation. Members should exchange their ideas freely, without fearing the leakage of secrecy. The well-organised and large-scale sector should be prepared to pass on the technological improvements in the process/method of production to the other companies who unable to conduct their own research and development activities. The companies must furnish full and correct information to the Association so the efficiency of the members-companies can be compared. The members should not work with a sense of rivalry and jealousy. The term ‘Uniform Cost Plan covers activities such as cost accounting system, format for reports, analysis of cost data, etc. Some of the activities which may be carried on partially or completely are as follows: Publication of pages, speeches or discussions of important matters pertaining to costs in Trade Journals. Publication of educational literature pertaining to objectives of cost finding. Studies of particular costing problems in the industry to develop sound principles. Activities of counseling nature relaxing to establishment or operatives of cost accounting system. Development of estimating formulae or short-cut methods of establishing basis for pricing. Development and promotion of uniform cost programme. Cost studies in determining average or representative cost of products, functions or activities for general information of members. Regular collections and dissemination of cost data under some kind of reporting plan. Complete analysis of cost data to interpret results to show trends, weakness of operation, etc. Whether cost data are required for one product or al the products produced in a factory. Costing techniques to be used, i.e, historical, standard or marginal. Definitions of various elements of cost such as: v direct material v direct labour v cost of direct services v factory overheads, administrative and selling overheads. Items which are extraneous to costs such as bad debts, donations, etc, and to be excluded from cost. Classification of production and service departments. Method of treatment of spoilage, defectives, etc, in costs. Treatment of research and development in costs and methods of allocation of research and development to each cost centre/cost unit. Treatment of handling and storage cost of raw materials. Method of pricing of materials used such as FIFO, LIFO, simple average, weighted average. Production centres, cost centres, etc, to be used for analysis and comparison of costs. Methods of payment of remuneration. Treatment of items like interest on own capital, rent of premises owned, etc Method of working out depreciation, i.e, whether straight line method or written down value method to be used. Method of apportionment of service departments costs to production departments. System of classification and codification of cost accounts. Method of valuation of work in progress. The method of presentation of data and reporting to management. Treatment of under/over absorbed overhead, eg. Applying supplementary rate or write off to profit and loss account. For successful implementation of uniform costing system, it is the primary duty of a Trade Association of devise a cost manual containing recommended cost accounting plan. All the participant members should be invited for detailed discussion before a cost manual is finalised. The cost manual is of immense help in guiding the participating firms to operate their accounts on uniform basis. If the industry consists of companies of similar size and a common range of products, it is entirely feasible to present the accounting procedure in one manual for use of all members. Where, however, there is a great disparity in size of companies in an industry, it is better to issue a separate manual for large companies and one for the small. The Characteristics Of A Good Uniform Cost Manual Are Summarized Below: v It should present a strong case for the desirability of using uniform cost accounting methods. v It should serve as a comprehensive reference book on cost accounting procedures. v It should be useful to the executives/cost accountants for saving all problems in installation and execution of recommended uniform costing method. Introduction Statement of objectives and purpose of the system. Education the management and people about the uniform costing system Scope of the system. Case for use of the system. Organisation Organisation for developing and operating the system. Stages in which the system is to be introduced. Management of the organisation by trade association or otherwise. Accounting System General principles of accounting to be adopted. Terminology to be followed. Details of coding system. Classification and description of accounts. Reconciliation between financial accounts and cost accounts. Accounting period. Method Of Costing [E.G. Process Costing, Job Costing, Standard Costing.] Unit of production. Costing periods [e.g. monthly, quarterly, half-yearly or annual] Expenses to be considered in costs. Methods to be used for inter-unit transfer pricing. Classification of departments [Production department, service department, etc.] Material cost direct and indirect, treatment of idle time, treatment of fringe benefits, overtime, production bonus. Overhead-classification,collection, apportionment and allocation. Direct and indirect depreciation, method of depreciation to be used, research and development expenditure,methodofallocation/appotionment of service department cost to production department, capacity cost etc. Reporting. Periodically of reports. Levels for whom the repors are to be sent. Cost statements. Ratios -cost as well as financial. Supplementary data. Ø Nature and extent of information to be accumulated Inter-firm comparison requires that all relevant and detailed cost information should be collected regarding business firm. No definite list of information can be suggested for collection. However, the following are the usual information which are applicable to all industries and therefore can be collected for the inter-firm comparison: Information regarding cost and cost structure. Labour efficiency and labour utilisation. Machine efficiency and machine utilisation. Raw materials consumed wastage and stores-keeping. Return on capital employed. Liquidity and liquid resources. Reserve and appropriation of profits. Debtors and creditors. Methods of production and technical aspects. Inventory and inventory systems. Ø Responsibility for collection, coordination and presentation of information In some countries separate organisations have been established for collecting and presenting information. in India inter-firm comparison information is collected by various trade associations, chambers of commerce, the national productivity council, research and statistics division of several commerce and trade journals and periodicals and newspapers. Ø Method of collection and presentation of information Information for the purpose of inter-firm comparison is usually supplied by business enterprises to organisation regularly. Information can be collected by field workers also. After the information is collected, it is properly compiled and arranged and finally a consolidated report is prepared for the benefit of business firms. For the information to be purposeful, it is essential that participating firms should agree about the meaning of various terms used in ratios and accounting information The printing industry in UK has played a leading role in the establishment of uniform costing system this industry was first to introduce the uniform costing system.This was a welcome step for introduction of inter-firm comparison in the printing industry. The industry awas divided into various groups each having its own ratios based on differents characteristic of the firms. The division is based on the following characteristics: Nature of activities carried in the printing industry, eg, genral printers , book printers,. newspapers houses, and Size determined bu number of employees. It is to be pointed out here that actual figure sof profit or other details are not issued to members so that there is no betraying of confidence. Emphasis is always laid on depicting the average results so that a single firm can make a comparison to see whether its own ratios are equal, better or worse than the average for its own particular group. For each ratio the median and upper and lower quartiles are computed. The principal ratios used by the principal industry in u.k are given. The benefits from inter-firm comparson include the advantages of uniform costing system and benefits arising out of the use ratios. The advantages of uniform costing system has been discussed before. The following additional advantages are obtained from inter firm comparison: The extent of weakness of the participating firms is reaveled. Management is, therefore induced to take suitable remedial actions. The participating firms give information voluntarily and willingly in the prescribed questionare. The definations of various terms are clearly explained to the users. Thus the results obtained from the information are accurate and capable of being compared. Inter- firm comparison promotes cost consciousness among the members of the industry. It enables the government to take measures for effecting price regulation. It facilitates government to grant protection to industries, wherever necessary. It introdues a sense of healthy competition among the participating firms. It provides substantial data to the members-firms to present their case to government. It forces ‘self searching exercise among the members-firms. The benefits arising from inter-firm comparison have been outlined above. It is very good practice which promise substantial benefits to the members of the industry. The practical difficulties which are often experienced in the implementation of IFC scheme are summarized below. The member-firms often express resistance to the idea of disclosing data relating to the performance. Satisfaction with the present profits may bring about a sense of complaceny which is disastrous for active participation in the implementation of IFC When the companies do not follow suitable cost acconting system,the inter firm comparison will not be meaningful and effective. Non availability of suitable basis for comparison presents problem to the introduction of IFC. Ø GOOGLE.COM Ø YAHOO.COM Ø COST ACCOUNTING BY JAWAHAR LAL Ø COST ACCOUTING BY SULTAN SONS

The Drug Codeine :: essays research papers

The Drug Codeine We used several different sources to gather our information. We go information from Jay Moser and Sue Peterson, our two local pharmacists. We researched medical encyclopedias, journals, and magazines. Codeine is known medically as methylmorphine. It is a drug derived from opium, a poppy plant. It was discovered in 1832 by French chemist Pierre-Jean Robiquet. Codeine constitutes about 0.5 to 2.5 percent of this plant substance. The drug has been in use since the early 1900's and it shares most of the pharmacologic characteristics of morphine, the other alkaloid in opium. Codeine is classified as a narcotic, it has the same painkiller effect as morphine but is only one-sixth to one-tenth as strong. Codeine occurs as a colorless or white crystals or as a white, crystalline powder and is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol. The phosphate and sulfate salts of codeine occur as white, needle- shaped crystals or white, crystalline powders. Why is it used? Codeine is most useful in the relief of mild to moderate pain. It is also used as a cough remedy because it suppresses the part of the brain that triggers coughing, and as an anti-diarrheal drug, because it slows down muscle contractions in the intestinal wall. There are possible adverse effects. The most frequently observed adverse reactions include lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. These effects seem to be more prominent in ambulatory patients and in those who are not suffering severe pain. Other adverse reactions include the following: (1) Central Nervous System- Euphoria, dysphoria, weakness, headache, insomnia, agitation, disorientation, and visual disturbances. (2) Gastrointestinal- Dry mouth, anorexia, constipation, and biliary tract spasm. (3) Cardiovascular- Flushing of the face, abnormally slow heartbeat, faintness, and syncope. (4) Genitourinary- Urinary retention of hesitancy, anti-diuretic effect. (5) Allergic- skin rashes. Most drug manufactors list specific warnings to be aware of when taking codeine. (1) Codeine sulfate can produce drug dependence of the morphine type, and therefore has the potential for being abused psychic dependence, physical dependence and tolerance may develop upon repeated administration of Codeine. (2) Codeine may impair the mental and or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery. (3) Patients receiving other narcotic painkillers, general anesthetics, tranquilizers, or other central nervous system depressants, including alcohol with codeine may exhibit an additive central nervous system depression. Who shouldn't take codeine? Pregnant women should not use codeine because safe use in pregnancy has not been established. Children below the age of three shouldn't be given this drug for that age group hasn't been established. Codeine should be given with caution to certain patients such as the elderly or

Code of conduct Essay

A Code of Conduct is published and disseminated to its employees, and to existing and potential stakeholders such as members of the board of directors, customers, partners, vendors, suppliers, potential employees and the general public. Frequently posted on the organization’s website and in their annual report to shareholders, the Code of Conduct is both an internal commitment to a standard of behavior and beliefs and a public declaration of the organization’s position on a set of standards, values, principles, and beliefs. The Code of Conduct is the heart and soul of a company. Think of a Code of Conduct as an in depth view of what an organization believes and how the employees of an organization see themselves and their relationship with each other and the rest of the world. The Code of Conduct paints a picture of how employees, customers, partners, and suppliers can expect to be treated as a result. After going through major corporation code of business I decided to write a paper based off of one companies code of business ethics outline. That company is Amazon. The reason I chose Amazon was how simple there code of conduct in ethics was for how large of a corporation they are. The following are the things I felt could used revision. The company I found online for code of conduct was Amazon. They had a short and simple code of ethics page. Although short and to the point I feel they left a few things out. Amazon is a company that relies on distribution through vendors and returning customers. I felt that nowhere on this page was there a place that states they hold management or vendors accountable. Owner and upper level management accountability is very import for a company’s code of conduct. These individuals are requires to show honesty, transparency and integrity in their daily rolls. This sets the ethical base for a company, along with it also keeps individual owners and managers accountable for their actions. A unethical manager that is allowed to rein free in a business can create a difficult business situations and over extend a company’s resources. The next point I would like to make is, even though they mention compliance  with the laws I think they fail to mention anything about inappropriate behavior. Many companies use a code of ethics to prevent inappropriate employee behavior. Inappropriate behavior can include lying to clients, engaging in froud, failing to meet specific operational standards or similar conduct. A code of ethics about this subject can help employees understand why these actions are inappropriate and the reasons companies expect better behavioral performance. Companies may also limit their legal liability from poor employee performance by usiing this code of ethics. Another great point I would like to bring up about Amazons ethics code is their ability to institute the code. For a code of conduct to be useful, it is importance to introduce and endorse it at the highest level of business. Once the code is written, The CEO and governing body should sign off on it. Then, the company can incorporate it into training programs. Many companies require staff members to sign a document that they read and understand the code, and others require all employees to abide by the code as conditions of their employment. Many companies also use an internal review to measure the effectiveness of their code. This may be all done internally, but nowhere on the code of conduct was it instructed or announced that they do this. A code of conduct is developed either by a powerful executive, or often the owner. In amazons case is feel this was a cross section of employees that have executive influence, so it would be easier to incorprate and integrate. It is more likely to affect the actual beleifs and operation of the organization. The code of conduct will most likely acheive full implementation with in the organization when more are involved in the creation. Due to this I feel amazon has missed a few valuable areas in which they can improve on with their revisions for the future with code of conduct and ethics. Cite: Retrieved June 1, 2014, from http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=irol-govConduct

Capital Budgeting Essay

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze and interpret the answers of the Capital Budgeting Case. I will discuss my recommendation about which Corporation and investor should acquire based on the quantitative reasoning. I also will describe the relationship between the net present value and the internal rate of return for the two corporations that are analyzed. Capital Budgeting Case A company is planning in acquiring a new corporation and there are two options with the same cost of $250,000 but both with different 5-year projections of cash flows. The evaluation done to the two corporations (A and B) is based on the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The net present value represents the value the project or investment adds to the investor wealth. The NPV method of capital budgeting suggests that all projects that have positive NPV should be accepted because they would add value to the investment. On the other hand, the internal rate of return is defined as the discount rate that equates the present value of a project’s cash inflows to its outflows. According to the internal rate of return method of capital budgeting, the investment should be accepted if their IRR is greater than the cost of capital. The results for Corporation â€Å"A† shows a NPV of $20,979.20 based on discount rate of 10%. And, we got an IRR of 13.05% which means that is the discount rate that makes the NPV equal or close to $0.00. On the other hand, the Corporation â€Å"B† with a discount rate of 11% got a NPV of $40,251.47 and an IRR of 16.94%. A positive NPV is considered a good project, and we want to choose the one with the highest NPV. Therefore, I would recommend acquiring the Company â€Å"B† because it has a higher NPV than the other company. Corporation B will be giving us a current value cash return of $40,251.47 above our 11% required rate of return during the next 5 years. And, if we recalculate the NPV using the IRR of 16.94% it will result on an NPV close to $0.00. The relationship between NPV and IRR is based on the discount rate used to bring up the cash flows to the present. For the case of Company â€Å"B†, with the discount rate of 11%, if we have a NPV of $0.00, our IRR will also be 11%. But, if our NPV is higher than $0.00, our IRR will be also higher than 11%. And, if we have a negative NPV, then our IRR will be less than 11%. In other words, the NPV and the IRR most of the time yield the same result of acceptance or rejection. Conclusion In conclusion, the best recommendation is to acquire Company B because it will give us higher current values during the first 5 years and higher returns of the investment.

Cytology essays

Cytology essays In Killing immune cells thwarts arthritis, written by John Travis is an experiment discussing the hypothesis and experimentation of Jonathan C. Edwards of The University College London. The topic was rheumatoid arthritis which affects 2.5 million people in the United States. Edwards hypothesis was that the condition stems from bad luck. This all meaning that the body generates millions of B-cells each day. If by bad luck B-cells make antibodies to themselves and other antibodies then this chaos would cause the disease rheumatoid arthritis. Edwards experimentation required the depletion of B-cells, thus eliminating the disease. After much research needed to provide the safety of the patients health, Edwards began with his experiment. Edwards first used twenty patients who had carried the disease for an average of twenty-two years of age and failed to drug treatment. Three drugs were then given to the patients: a B-cell killing antibody and two compounds that suppress new B-cell forma tion. After the completion of the experiment eighteen of the patients resulted with less pain and symptoms of the disease. Overall, Edwards hypothesis and experiment was a success. This article reflects on the class discussions in various ways. First, by the scientific method. The steps were followed as instructed properly. Also discussions over biological organization and the formation of cells to make tissue. B-cells are being discussed within the article and it directly relates to the hierarchy of biological organization. The last point that relates to class discussion is that B-cells produce antibodies which in turn fight off unwanted diseases such as cancer. Reading an article for AP biology helps me relate to many different topics and expand my thinking and relating of experiments to mind and in turn benefits me. As experimented by Jonathan Edwards, the hypothesis followed harmoniously along with the experiment tak ...

53 Spanish Names for Fruits

53 Spanish Names for Fruits Are you planning on traveling Spanish-speaking country near the equator and want to enjoy tropical fruits? If you do, or if you plan on shopping at any place Spanish is spoken, this list of Spanish words for fruits will come in handy. Fruit Names in Spanish A-G apple - la manzanaapricot - el damasco, el albericoqueavocado - el aguacatebanana - el pltano, la bananablackberry - la mora, la zarzamorablackcurrant - la grosella negrablueberry - el arndanocamu camu - el camu camucantaloupe - el cantalupocherimoya - la chirimoyacherry - la cerezacitron - el cidro, el citrà ³n, la toronjacoconut - el cococucumber - el pepinocranberry - el arndanodate - el dtilfig - el higogalia - el melà ³n galiagooseberry - la grosella espinosagrape - la uva (A dried grape or raisin is una pasa or una uva pasa.)grapefruit - el pomelo, la toronjaguarana - la fruta de guaran Fruit Names in Spanish H-Z honeydew melon - el melà ³n tunahuckleberry - el arndanokiwi - el kiwikumquat - el kinotolemon - el limà ³nlime - la lima, el limà ³nloganberry - la zarza, la frambuesalychee - la lichimandarin - la mandarinamango - el mangomelon - el melà ³nmulberry - la moranaranjilla - la naranjilla, el lulonectarine - la nectarinaolive - la oliva, la aceitunaorange - la naranjapapaya - la papayapassionfruit - la maracuy, la parcha, la fruta de pasià ³npeach - el durazno, el melocotà ³npear - la perapersimmon - el caquipineapple - la pià ±a, el ananplantain - el pltanoplum - la ciruelapomegranate - la granadaprickly pear - la tuna, el higo chumboquince - el membrilloraspberry - la frambuesastrawberry - la fresa, la frutillatamarind - el tamarindotangerine - la mandarina, la tangerinatomatillo - el tomatillotomato - el tomatewatermelon - la sandà ­a Many fruits have local or regional names that may not be understood outside the area. Also, the English and Spanish words for particular fruits may not always be an exact match, sometimes because two similar species of fruits may share a name. For example, what is known as un arndano in Spanish goes by several different names in English, such as huckleberry, bilberry, blueberry, and cranberry. One common source of confusion is that a limà ³n can refer to a lemon or a lime depending on the region. The names of many fruits are similar in English and Spanish, either because they have a common origin (such as from Latin) or because the English borrowed a fruit name from Spanish.The trees or other plants that produce sometimes have distinctive names related to the name of the fruit.Some fruits have names that are understood only in certain localities. Common Foods Made With Fruit apple cider - la sidra sin alcoholapple crisp, apple crumble - el crujiente de manzanaapple pie - el pastel de manzanacompote - la compotafruitcake - el pastel de frutafruit cocktail - el cà ³ctel de frutasfruit salad - la ensalada de frutassjam - la marmeladajuice - el jugo, el zumopeach cobbler - el pastel de durazno, tarta de duraznostrawberry sundae - el sundae de fresa, el helado con fresas Fruit Names English and Spanish Share English and Spanish share the names of various  fruits for one of two reasons. Either the English name came from Spanish, or English and Spanish gained the name from a common source. There are no fruits on this list in which the Spanish derived from English, although its likely that kiwi, a word from Maori, was adopted because of U.S. English influence. Here are etymologies of several Spanish-derived fruit names we use in English: papaya - Spanish picked up papaya from Arawak, an indigenous language of the West Indies, and it spread to English via the shipping industry.pear - The English name for the fruit comes from the Latin pera, which is also what its called in Spanish.plantain - Plantain has two meanings - a fruit similar to a banana and a type of flat-leaved weed. Both are called pltano in Spanish. The words with the first meaning probably came to us via Spanish, which picked up the word from the West Indies, while the word with the second meaning came indirectly from Greek.tomatillo - Tomatillo in Spanish is tomate with the diminutive suffix -illo. Other Spanish food words using this suffix include tortilla (omelette or tortilla, from torta, cake), mantequilla (butter, from manteca, lard or some types of butter), and bolillo (bread roll, related to bola, ball).tomato - At one time, the tomato was called a tomate in English, the same as its Spanish name. The Spanish in turn came from Nahuatl, an in digenous Mexican language, which used the word tomatl. The tl ending is very common noun ending in Nahuatl. Sources for some of the other fruit names include Italian (cantalupo and cantaloupe), Latin (pera and pear), and Arabic (naranja and orange). Words for Fruit-Producing Plants Although the words for tree and bush are rbol and arbusto, respectively, many of them that produce fruit have names related to the name of the fruit. Here are some of them: apple tree - el manzanoblackberry bush - la zarzacherry tree - el cerezograpevine - la vid, la parralemon tree - el limoneroorange tree - el naranjopear tree - el peraltomato vine - la rama de tomate

Process Writing for ESL and EFL

Process Writing for ESL and EFL Process writing is an approach to incorporating writing skills from the very beginning of the English learning process. It was developed by Gail Heald-Taylor in her book Whole Language Strategies for ESL Students. Process writing focuses on allowing students- especially young learners- to write with plenty of room left for error. Standard correction begins slowly, and children are encouraged to communicate through writing, despite limited understanding of structure. Process writing can also be used in an adult ESL/EFL setting to encourage learners to start working on their writing skills from a beginning level. If you are teaching adults, the first thing learners need to understand is that their writing skills will be well below their native language writing skills. This seems rather obvious, but adults are often hesitant to produce written or spoken work that is not up to the same level as their native language skills. By easing your students fears about producing sub-par written work, you can help encourage them to improve their writing abilities. Only mistakes made in grammar and vocabulary that has been covered up to the current point in time should be corrected. Process writing is all about the process of writing. Students are striving to come to terms with writing in English by writing in English. Allowing for mistakes and refining based on materials covered in class- instead of perfect English- will help students incorporate skills at a natural pace, and improve their understanding of materials discussed in class in a natural progression. Here is a short overview of how you can incorporate process writing into your students learning routine. Aim: Improve writing skills from beginning levels of EnglishActivity: Process writing - journalsLevel: Beginning to advancedMaterials Needed: Notebook for each student Outline Encourage learners to write in their journal at least a few times a week. Explain the idea of process writing, and how mistakes arent important at this stage. If you are teaching higher levels, you can vary this by stating that mistakes in grammar and syntax on material not yet covered arent important  and that this will be a great way to review material covered in past levels. Students should write on the front side of each page only. Teachers will provide notes on the writing on the back. Remember to focus only on material covered in class when correctly student work. Start this activity by modeling the first journal entry as a class. Ask students to come up with various themes that could be covered in a journal (hobbies, work-related themes, observations of family and friends, etc.). Write these themes on the board. Ask each student to choose a theme and write a short journal entry based on this theme. If students do not know a particular vocabulary item, they should be encouraged to describe this item (for example, the thing which turns on the TV)  or draw the item. Collect the journals the first time in class and do a quick, superficial correction of each students journal. Ask students to rewrite their work based on your comments. After this first session, collect students workbooks once a week and correct only one piece of their writing. Ask students to rewrite this piece.

Horizontal Violence in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Horizontal Violence in Nursing - Essay Example Although many healthcare stakeholders are aware of rampant horizontal violence, many of them are oblivious of its extent. Ditmer (2010) provides an overview of the scope of horizontal violence among nurses, establishing that â€Å"75%† of nurses have experienced aggression, harassment and bullying during their careers. To further exacerbate such grim statistics, majority of such acts go unreported. Besides, such horizontal violence may not be interfered with a reported â€Å"40%† of leaders remaining passive or quiet when witnessing such acts (Ditmer, 2010). Several explanations have been provided for the cause and nature of horizontal violence. In certain situations conflict within the group arises and horizontal violence is a symptom of an underlying problem. The ultimate result is that horizontal violence persists in the nursing workplace and the individual nurses learn it as an expected behavior, being oblivious that it should not be part of their culture. As a resu lt the nurses are vilified for this and develop a low self-esteem, such that by the time they enter the nursing practice they are already negatively socialized to certain submissive roles. Horizontal violence such as â€Å"disruptive and unprofessional behavior† is allowed to enter due to two factors; through acts of omission; and new nurses’ deficient of formal instruction to handle conflicts and assert their rights. In the former case, it is noted that failure of the management to act even after observing manifestations of horizontal violence contributes to its pervading and perception as part of normal culture in nursing practice. In the latter case, new graduate nurses are observed to lack the necessary skills to deal with being victims of horizontal violence. Some of them also... This essay approves that further analysis will be through correlating data for the day and night shifts as well as registered nurses and technical nurses. Correlations will also be done according to age category of nurses in the work place: baby boomers, generation X and generation Y, with the view of establishing which group is most affected by horizontal violence since it is appreciated that generational differences exist in terms of how these groups act and react in the workplace. This report makes a conclusion that Horizontal violence is a widespread and pertinent issue despite being addressed by legal and healthcare policies. Literature is indicative that it is the result of powerlessness and marginalization of nurses at the workplace accompanied by laxity or disregard of its impact by the management. It has very serious consequences on the individual nurse and quality of patient care availed besides translating into massive losses whenever nurses quit the field. On an institutional level, it is argued that horizontal violence contributes to poor retention. Research evidence for this is limited, and thus justifies an inquiry into it. This study develops a correlational research design to be used to study whether there is a link between horizontal violence among nurses and hospital nurse retention in two medical-surgery units. A horizontal violence measuring tool whose reliability and validity has been tested is proposed for use in data collection after assur ing participant protection through the IRB and hospital management.

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary - Assignment Example His belief had borne fruit. Grameen Banks grew at astounding rate with 2400 branches across 78000 villages across the country. Grameen Bank, is a micro credit institution that is a self financing body. It gives out loan to the self help groups through members’ deposits. It helps to provide the poor with the necessary credit to start income generating activity and thereby raise their living standard. The members have to comply with the sixteen components of ‘decisions’ which contributes to improved socio-economic status of the community. The charter includes hygiene, restructuring of dilapidated house, no dowry, education for children etc. The genuine defaulters are given fresh lease through re-structured loan repayment schedule and if required, more finance to improve business prospects. The timely payment serves as incentive for higher loan amount. The example of Bangladesh micro credit institutions have now been taken up in other under developed countries for po verty alleviation. The concept of phone lady is highly innovative and connects the village with external linkages, while providing the person with cell phone, a profitable means of income generation. The proactive participation of non government agencies is also encouraged for improving the living standard of the poorest of the poor. Reference

Db1 employee compensation and benefit Research Paper

Db1 employee compensation and benefit - Research Paper Example This was after concerns by labour groups and associations on the poor payments, working conditions, lack of adequate overtime payments and misuse of child labour. In addition, in 1994 the school to work opportunities act was introduced to the Fair Labour Standards Act. This act had more impact on those businesses that provided on the job training. The main rationale for this act was to provide on the site training and internship based on an agreement between the employer and the student. If any exemption was to be made from the Fair Labour Standards Act, the guidelines had to be followed. This guideline was to ensure the individual role was clearly defined as an intern and not an employee, hence was not entitled to the benefits that would have been in place if he or she was a permanent employee of the company or organization. The only expenses the employer incurred in this case were only those associated with the training. Moreover, the individual was not guaranteed a position after completion of the training. Through this, both parties benefited in that the student got the training and the employer benefited from work the student produced. The 1994 amendment also had in place guidelines whereby owners of small businesses whose annual revenue was below $500,000 were exempted from the FLSA, but did not for those who used interstate business calls or postal mails (Willis, 1997) In addition, it also stipulated that those employers covered by the act must pay a minimum wage rate of $4.25 per hour for the first 90 days of employment and the current wage thereafter to all the youth workers under the age of 20 years. The implication of the act was that every employer must meet all the criteria for exemption from the act guidelines without which he or she should comply with the acts working hour and wage guidelines (William,

The grieving process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The grieving process - Essay Example determinants of grief differ according to various factors such as significance attributed to the loss, circumstances surrounding the loss, and utilization of support networks. The grieving process and stages features in Elisabeth Kubler-Ross book, On Death and Dying (1969). Although, the five stages can be regarded as universal, they do not necessarily follow a linear order. Sadness (feelings of pain and sorrow) is the prominent feeling experienced in grief triggered by feelings of emptiness or despair, although distracted by denial, anger, guilt, and fear, which trigger defense mechanisms (Shives, 2008). Shock is mainly an initial response to loss as the individual seeks emotional protection from the overwhelming loss. Most individuals rationalize the loss with numbed disbelief, in an effort to escape from reality (Webb, 2011). The denial and isolation plays out when individuals perceive it to be a mistake. Denial is predominantly a temporary defense followed by isolation. Individuals normally replace denial with feelings of frustration, rage, resentment, and envy. Anger is a common response to feelings of frustration, abandonment, or powerlessness (Webb, 2011). The anger may be directed towards self, God, or life due to the perceived injustices occasioned by the loss. Pain and guilt features less extreme self-reproach regarding things that the griever feels failed to do prior to the loss (Timby, 2009). Bargaining stems from the realization that the individual cannot derive much from anger, and thus opts to make a last ditch negotiation with fate and God. This is heralded by feelings of helplessness and vulnerability. The patient or individual normally reverts to some form of childhood response. Bargaining in this case may feature an endeavor to downplay loss demonstrated by an alteration in behavior (Webb, 2011). Depression arises when the individual can no longer deny or ignore the loss as the feelings of immense loss sinks in, and anger and

Shakespeare's tragic vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shakespeare's tragic vision - Essay Example Ben Jon son, a contemporary Play Wright said about Shakespeare that, "He was not of an age but for all times" who with his dramatic genius has established and underlying reputation for himself which he lived. Shakespeare's age was a period of ignorance and superstition. Despite the advancement of science and learning, the majority of the people still believed in witchcraft and charms omens of all sorts' .The frequent appearance of the supernatural can be seen like ghost in Julius Caesar and Hamlet, witches in Macbeth. Medical science was still rudimentary, and all sorts of fantastic lures were prescribed. Hamlet is considered as a tragedy has all the typical features of a Shakespearean tragedy. A Shakespearean tragedy is essentially the tale of one man- the hero .Hamlet is the prince of Denmark, frank, noble hearted man. That is why he is popular with the people, and Ophelia and Fortinbras praise him so highly. The suffering of the tragic hero is also exceptional; he suffers so terribly the hearts of the readers filled with pity and sympathy. Hamlet has all the chief Characteristics of a typical Elizabethans Revenge ply. The Revenge motif is strong in it. Hamlet's father is murdered in a most foul manner. It is an unnatural crime, for the criminal is the real brother of the murdered King. His queen has been unfaithful to her husband during his life time and soon after his death she marries the murderer. Thus there is murder, adultery, and incestuous marriage. In the manner of revenge play, it is the ghost of Hamlet's father who reveals to the young prince the horrible truth about his father's death, and lays upon him the duty of revenge. The supernatural motif has been fully exploited, eg. The ghost speaks only to the prince. In Hamlet there is much of fighting, bloodshed and violence. First Hamlet kills Polonius hidden behind the curtain. Not only had that he dug his body down exclaiming: This man will set me packing; I will lug the guts into the neighboring room . The revenge motif has been fully exploited, and thrills and sensations, for which the "grounding" longed, have been provided in ample measure. It is not merely an object of horror, but also the representation of the hidden, mysterious forces that lurk around us. It is an instrument of justice to punish the evil doer. Hamlet is one of the greatest tragedies of the world. As Goggling is points out, Hamlet, "is not to be regarded as a tragedy of revenge, but as a universal figure; he is every man. In his suffering, melancholy, hesitations in his inaction at a crucial moment in his life he typifies some one or the other phase of human nature". Hamlet is a tortured soul and it is through his soliloquies that the dreamiest has laid bare his soul before us. Without the soliloquies the drama would be more husks without a Kernel. One can say that Hamlet is Soul's tragedy and raise above a crude Melodrama or Revenge play. According to Samuel Johnson on Hamlet, "The play of Hamlet is opened, without impropriety, by two sentinels; Iago bellows at Brabantio's window, without injury to the scheme of the play, though in terms which a modern audience would not easily endure; the character of Polonius is seasonable and useful; and the grave-diggers themselves may be

According to Cronon, when and why did the contemporary American Essay

According to Cronon, when and why did the contemporary American conception of wilderness emerge, and why does he consider it dangerous to environmentalism - Essay Example part, have always defined the wilderness as being an environment in which ordinary human beings struggled to be able to provide for themselves and their families. Moreover, this unrealistic notion disregards the fact that the American Indians lived comfortably in that supposed ‘harsh wilderness’ for virtual centuries; only to be unceremoniously cast out of it so that pampered tourists could continue to take pleasure in the illusion that they still had places in their nation which were preserved in their original and pristine state. Cronon openly avows that the notion of the preservation of the wilderness is actually a myth of mainstream cultural construction (Cronon, LoPrete and Demos, 2003). The supposedly ‘American Wilderness’ was once the home of American Indians who farmed the land to produce food and lived on it as well. They also freely owned this land. Today, the notion of hunting societies gaining sustenance from the wilderness is in direct conflict with the statutes sustained the concept of environmentalism. Environmental dualism holds that environmentalists have a duty to safeguard â€Å"unspoiled† environments. This means that the natural inhabitants of these lands who farm or hunt in them are viewed as being threats to the natural condition of the

Shakespeare's tragic vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shakespeare's tragic vision - Essay Example Ben Jon son, a contemporary Play Wright said about Shakespeare that, "He was not of an age but for all times" who with his dramatic genius has established and underlying reputation for himself which he lived. Shakespeare's age was a period of ignorance and superstition. Despite the advancement of science and learning, the majority of the people still believed in witchcraft and charms omens of all sorts' .The frequent appearance of the supernatural can be seen like ghost in Julius Caesar and Hamlet, witches in Macbeth. Medical science was still rudimentary, and all sorts of fantastic lures were prescribed. Hamlet is considered as a tragedy has all the typical features of a Shakespearean tragedy. A Shakespearean tragedy is essentially the tale of one man- the hero .Hamlet is the prince of Denmark, frank, noble hearted man. That is why he is popular with the people, and Ophelia and Fortinbras praise him so highly. The suffering of the tragic hero is also exceptional; he suffers so terribly the hearts of the readers filled with pity and sympathy. Hamlet has all the chief Characteristics of a typical Elizabethans Revenge ply. The Revenge motif is strong in it. Hamlet's father is murdered in a most foul manner. It is an unnatural crime, for the criminal is the real brother of the murdered King. His queen has been unfaithful to her husband during his life time and soon after his death she marries the murderer. Thus there is murder, adultery, and incestuous marriage. In the manner of revenge play, it is the ghost of Hamlet's father who reveals to the young prince the horrible truth about his father's death, and lays upon him the duty of revenge. The supernatural motif has been fully exploited, eg. The ghost speaks only to the prince. In Hamlet there is much of fighting, bloodshed and violence. First Hamlet kills Polonius hidden behind the curtain. Not only had that he dug his body down exclaiming: This man will set me packing; I will lug the guts into the neighboring room . The revenge motif has been fully exploited, and thrills and sensations, for which the "grounding" longed, have been provided in ample measure. It is not merely an object of horror, but also the representation of the hidden, mysterious forces that lurk around us. It is an instrument of justice to punish the evil doer. Hamlet is one of the greatest tragedies of the world. As Goggling is points out, Hamlet, "is not to be regarded as a tragedy of revenge, but as a universal figure; he is every man. In his suffering, melancholy, hesitations in his inaction at a crucial moment in his life he typifies some one or the other phase of human nature". Hamlet is a tortured soul and it is through his soliloquies that the dreamiest has laid bare his soul before us. Without the soliloquies the drama would be more husks without a Kernel. One can say that Hamlet is Soul's tragedy and raise above a crude Melodrama or Revenge play. According to Samuel Johnson on Hamlet, "The play of Hamlet is opened, without impropriety, by two sentinels; Iago bellows at Brabantio's window, without injury to the scheme of the play, though in terms which a modern audience would not easily endure; the character of Polonius is seasonable and useful; and the grave-diggers themselves may be

Art and Humanities Essay Example for Free

Art and Humanities Essay The Music I associate with from my early childhood would be so many different songs from like the alphabet songs. When I grew up we were not allowed watching TV so much in the 70’s. But we watched some cartoons like the Surf’s on Saturday mornings; I still remember the song Fa-la-la-la. I grew up listing to reggae and oldies but goodies music on my parents little radio in the living room. When I hear these songs I have a smile on my face. It always reminded me when my children was listening to some of the same kind of music either on Television or radio or when they watched cartoons like Old MacDonald or Bitsy Spider with the same good old folk rhymes. As I got older I remember listening to bands like the S. O. S. , Dazz band. My mom always made me play her cassette deck with her oldies or reggae music while she cleaned the house top to bottom. She always danced around while she was cleaning and it made cleaning looked like so much fun. And to this day if I help my wife with house chores I listen to the same kind of music then my mother was listening to. My daughter is the exact same way; she plays music all the times. The Music I associate with my adolescence is RB disco music from the 1980’s and 90’s. I loved mostly all of them and I would listen to any songs â€Å"I want to be your man† by Rogers or Keith Sweat â€Å"Make it last forever†, â€Å"Between the sheets† by The Isley Brothers, I could just go on and on. I went through many phases where I start listening to Madonna or country music and different artists like them, but I believe it had something do to with being a young boy growing up. Up to this day I could listen to all the same artists, bands or songs and think about the carefree days I had and being a high school boy being crazy with all my friends. But there was a time in my life where I was real crazy and just listening to rap music and started using the bad words and believe me that was not for long because my mother got rid of all my rap music quickly. And now if my children would listen to some rap music I tell them please not in my home. When it comes to comfort in music I always find myself going back and listen to oldies or reggae that was always  playing when my mother was cleaning the house. It was an everyday thing for my mom because it seemed that our home was never clean enough for her because we were six children coming in from football fields dirty or the backyard. But anytime I came into the house the same oldies or reggae music was playing, it was either Bob Marley† Buffalo Soldiers† or the oldies song† Let’s stay together† by Al Green When I have a bad day or just want to relax I find myself sitting down and turn on music and listen to the 70’s or 80’s songs, because that is what gets my head clear and then I can focus again. Happiness is a mood I would associate with songs or music that has a good rhythm and has a positive message. The song that makes me happy is â€Å"Buffalo Soldiers† by Bob Marley just like my mother, she would play that song over and over again. I would say that every genre and style of music has it songs that are happy, sad, comforting, depressing, fun and any other mood or feeling one could have. This is not because of how the song really sounds or the way it’s played, it’s the meaning from the lyrics. But the listener interprets the song in a way that only you can relate to. That is why music is so important to me because it can be a musical time line of our memories. I will always remember the music I grew up with and all the god times I had as a child and this is what I took into my Adulthood. In my life, music has been a constant, ever changing magical and amazing adventure. Music has always been a part of an everyday life for so many years and so many more years to come, because no matter if we understand the music that the one likes or not it does not matter to us. All we need to know is what we like and what impact music has on us. Music may make a person happy or sad because of the memories they re-live. No matter what it might be you must know that music is needed and wanted. References: Altschuler, R. J. (2009). The Art of Being Human: The Humanities as a Technique for Living. Retrieved from: www. youtube. com/watch? v=S5FCdx7Dn0o Retrieved from: www. youtube. com/watch? v=RCcg7ctrC4w.

Acute On Chronic Cholecystitis Attributed To Cholelithiasis Figure Biology Essay

Acute On Chronic Cholecystitis Attributed To Cholelithiasis Figure Biology Essay Figure 1 displays an acutely inflamed gall bladder (Cholecystitis) specimen. There are several gross features associated with acute cholecystitis; most apparent is the cholesterol stones filling the fundus and neck regions of the gallbladder (Cholelithiasis). The stones sizes suggest the chronic nature of pathogenesis, and their off-white colour indicates high proportions of calcium and phosphate salts (1). Further morphology relevant to the pathology is that the gallbladder is enlarged, with thick walls. This specimen is 15cm long, 5 cm wide, and its walls are about 1cm thick (compared to the usual dimensions of 7-10cm, 2.5cm, and 3mm respectively (2)). This owes to both the effects of acute and chronic inflammation; the thick, fibrous wall is indicative of a history of previous inflammatory episodes (due to intermittent oedema, fibrosis and leukocyte infiltration of the tissue layers). There are also the acute signs of red-grey blotchy discolouration due to a mixture of necrosis an d haemorrhage, in the mucosal and submucosal layers (1). Expected Microscopic Appearance: A biopsy of the specimen would include all the signs of acute (and chronic to a lesser extent) inflammation. Extensive fibrosis (formation of collagen fibres) will be the key visible feature, as well as amounts of fibrous scar tissue from previous healing. Leukocytes (mostly neutrophils and lymphocytes) will be seen infiltrating the mucosal and sub-serosal layers, as well as a small amount of monocytes. The mucosa will be atrophic (flattened) as a result of the inflammation, but there will also be proliferation of the epithelial cells in an attempt to repair itself. Some sections of mucosal folds may even fuse to form distinctive buried crypts of epithelium which lie below the mucosa, called Rokitansky Aschoff sinuses. Dilation of blood vessels and some haemorrhage (scattered erythrocytes) should also be visible (1). Pathogenesis Cholecystitis is intimately linked with gallstone (cholelith) formation (an estimated 90% of cases occur due to cystic duct/gallbladder neck obstruction by cholelithiasis (2)) and thus an understanding of the pathogenesis for cholelith formation is relevant. Figure 2: General risk factors contributing to gallstones 1 recent discovery; gene for ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (1) (see text)The major prerequisite for cholesterol gallstones is an imbalance of cholesterol and bile salt levels in the biliary secretions specifically, excess cholesterol (1). Figure 2 mentions some of the main risk factors that contribute to this. Oestrogens increase cholesterol uptake in liver as well as synthesis by increasing the amount of hepatic lipoprotein receptors and by increasing activity of HMG-CoA reductase enzymes (key regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis). Blood cholesterol lowering drugs have a similar effect on these enzymes, in addition to reducing cholesterol conversion to bile. Recent studies have shown that having a certain variant (D19H) of ABCG5 and ABG2 genes coding for ATP-binding cassette transporters adds further risk for gallstones, because it biosynthesises more cholesterol (1). Once cholesterol concentrations are too high for bile salts and phospholipids to accommodate (supersaturation), the cholesterol nucleates into solid plate-like crystals (cholesterol monohydrate). These are formed more frequently when there is decreased contractility or movement of the gall bladder (gallbladder stasis) as well as high secretions of mucus. Finally, the prolonged simultaneous occurrence of all of these conditions causes the crystals to aggregate further into macroscopic cholesterol stones, such as in Figure 1 (3). Figure 3: Key events leading up to inflammation of the gallbladder. Note: Red arrows showing secondary events that occur later on.Acute cholecystitis nearly always results from gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct (1, 4). Obstruction at the neck raises the pressure within the lumen, resulting in three things; venous congestion, reduced lymphatic drainage, and decreased blood supply. The walls of the gallbladder then release prostaglandins (E2 and I2) to bring on inflammation. Lysosomic phospholipases released from cell injury hydrolyse biliary lecithins to lysolecithins (toxic) these create further injury by disrupting the mucosal protective glycoprotein barrier and allowing bile salt damage at exposed areas (1). Figure 3 summarises these events. Note that bacterial infection can occur later on (4). Clinical Features Symptoms and Signs: Most patients present with sudden onset of right upper quadrant (RUQ) or epigastric pain, as well as a history of previous episodes of pain (4). Intolerance for fatty foods, anorexia, vomiting, and tachycardia are the usual signs associated with acute cholecystitis. Leukocytosis may be present, and hyperbilirubinemia indicates obstruction of the common bile duct (1). Palpable tenderness and a positive Murphy sign (during inspiration gallbladder is palpable and patient winces from pain) confirms cholecystitis (3). Methods of investigating patient: Ultrasound (US) is the ideal and preferred imaging technique for diagnosing acute calculous (presence of gallstones) cholecystitis, owing to its sensitivity of 80-100%. However, US is less effective for obese patients, and new studies show that recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (hardware, software, and contrast media) have made it the most accurate imaging technique for the gallbladder (with a sensitivity of 95% (2)). General approaches to treatment: Upon confirmed diagnosis, patients will firstly be given fluid resuscitation, analgesics, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy is the standard definitive management for acute calculous cholecystitis, and is proven to be effective (4). This is now performed preferably within 12-24 hours (decreasing risk of complications), rather than the previous practise of waiting up to 3 days for inflammation to subside before surgery (2). Often, surgeons will need to change their procedure to an open cholecystectomy; especially when there is uncertainty of the anatomical variants of a patient (4). Features bearing on prognosis: The work of Gurusamy K. et al. [5] has found that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is generally very safe. Potential complications include bile duct injury (potentially fatal), infection, and bile leakage, but this affected only 1 of 222 study participants (0.5%). The average hospital stay was 4-7 days, and time needed for full recovery ranged from 15-26 days. Apart from this, quality of life is not reduced [5].

College Students and Stress Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Es

College Students and Stress      Ã‚   Today a college education can overload students with too many stressful situations. Not only does Stress overload today's college students, but it is also the leading cause of personality disorders. In her essay, Cathy Bell explains that major depressive disorder strikes 5-12% of men and 10-20% of women; half of these people will have more than one occurrence and 15% of them will commit suicide ("Depression for the young"). For instance, many depressives are first recognized and treated during their years in college. For a large amount of people, depression exposes itself because of traumatizing experiences, such as leaving home and/or academic stress. For other students alcohol and drugs become a first time experience.    Now pile on top of all that academic stress, bad eating and sleeping habits with no exercise. Bell makes it known that the average first time sufferer is about 25 years of age, yet depressive disorders seem to be continually rising among teenagers. Suicide is now the third leading cause of deaths between the ages of 15-24 years old ("Depression in the Young"). The Counseling Center for Human Development explains their definition of stress, stress can be defined as the way in which your mind and body react to any situation that is new, threatening or exciting. Often, backaches, loss of appetite, constant fatigue, depression, and serious physical problems can result from prolonged stress.    However stress can also give you an extra burst of energy-more adrenaline enters the bloodstream, heart and breathing rates increase, blood flow quickens, and muscle strength improves. Learning to harness this energy can help you meet the physical challenges, solve problems... ...tp://www.emufam.org/~cmbell/depress/depstud.html Counseling Center for Human Development. Coping with Stress in College. U of South Florida. 3 Dec. 2000. http://usfweb.usf.edu/counsel/self-hlp/stress.htm "Depression: Facts, Definitions, and Statistics." Statistics. Colorado HealthSite. 3 Dec. 2000. http://www.coloradoheakthnet.org/depression/depression_facts.htm Franklin, Donald J., Ph.D. Psychology Information Online. 3 Dec. 2000. http://psychologyinfo.com/deression/causes.html Health Tips for College Students. 14 Jul. 1999. MayoClinic. 3 Dec. 2000. http://www/mayohealth.org/mayo/9609/htm/college.htm Knight, Chris. Personal Interview. 27 Nov. 2000. Posen, David B., MD. "Stress Management for Patient and Physician." The Canadian Journal of Continuing Medical Education. Apr. 1995. 3 Dec. 2000. http://www/mentalhealth.com/mag1/p51-str.html

The Life and Works of Walt Whitman :: Biography

Poets write various styles of poetry. They use their own personal experiences, ideas, and creativity. Walt Whitman used all of these styles in his writings. He had experienced trials and tribulations throughout his whole life. Whitman did a lot of moving during his childhood, and that probably caused his personality to be neurotic. There are a lot of things that he has done to change the writings of future poets’. Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819 in Long Island, New York. He was the second son of Walter Whitman and Louisa Van Velsor. His father was a house builder. The family consisted of nine children (Whitman 1). The Whitman’s moved to Brooklyn when Walt was only four years old (334). When he was only twelve years old, he began to learn the printer’s trade and he fell in love with the written word, and became accustomed to reading the bible (para. 2).He did not have a formal education, and he read the works if Sir Walter Scott, Shakespeare, Homer, and Dante (Feldman 438). Whitman had worked as a printer in New York City until a fire annihilated the printing district where he was working at. When he turned 17 years old, he became a teacher in the one-room school houses of Long Island. Whitman continued to teach until 1841, he turned to journalism and this became his full-time career (Whitman para. 3). Whitman founded a newspaper called, The Long Islander, and later on he edited numerous of Brooklyn and New York newspapers. He left Brooklyn’s, The Daily Eagle, to become the editor of the New Orleans Crescent. He experienced first hand the cruelness of slavery in the slave markets of New Orleans. When he returned to Brooklyn, he found the Brooklyn Freeman and he started to develop a unique style of poetry (Whitman para. 4). Whitman had a unique sense of writing styles. People say that he had an â€Å"organic† style of writing of Hebrew poetry and is based on the device of parallelism. Whitman’s poetry contained elements of repetition (Unger 332). His characteristics also had a lot to do with his writings. People say that in his own way that he was an intellectual, and was a highly unorthodox poet. He had a neurotic side. They described him as a convert bisexual, quirky, elusive, and power-seeking (332). Whitman’s sexuality had some influence on his writings. He had some difficulty with his sexuality.

Distinctively Visual †The Drover’s Wife & The African Beggar Essay

The poem ‘The African Beggar’ by Raymond Tong explores the despondency of humanity’s existence and our complete helplessness when faced with the adversity of ourselves and others through the distinctively visual description of an African beggar and his experience as an outcast to society. In the first stanza of the poem, the heterodiegetic narrator (considered to be Tong), introduces the beggar as a repulsive outcast. The description of the persona in the first line of the poem â€Å"sprawled in the dust†¦Ã¢â‚¬  immediately provokes an image of the beggar as something rather than someone, which has been alienated by society. This is further supported when the narrator describes the beggar as a â€Å"target for small children, flies,  and dogs† as it says that the character is an object of attack, something that occupies an existence that is considered lower than that of humans and other creatures. The metaphoric language used, â€Å"a heap of verm inous rags and matted hair†, persuades the audience to conjure an image of filth and poor physical hygiene, although this is followed by a juxtaposed metaphor, â€Å"he watches with cunning reptile eyes†, which challenges the previous image and suggests that the persona is subtle and scheming, like a snake. Both of these images are also contrasted by the use of pronoun, reminding the reader that this character is human despite his description suggesting otherwise. In the Second stanza of the poem, although the author’s image of the beggar as a filthy outcast is continued, the theme of humanity’s neglect and inadequacy is introduced to the audience. The metaphor use in the first line â€Å"he shows his yellow stumps of teeth† puts forward an image of physical ugliness and extreme lack of hygiene while the use of pronoun to refer to the beggar again reminds the audience that he is a human. The simile â€Å"With hands like claws about his begging bowl† compares the hands of humanity to that of a skeleton (death), clinging to his one source of survival, his begging bowl. The tone of the poem changes dramatically in the third stanza when contrasted with the first. The poet allows the reader to empathise with the beggar. This is done through different language techniques such as the tone used in the first line; â€Å"lying all alone† which proposes that the persona is not aware of others anymore as Tong recognises the beggar’s suffering. In the phrase â€Å"shadow of a crumbling wall†, the word â€Å"shadow† suggests that the persona is in darkness, suffering from loneliness, while â€Å"crumbling wall† represents the absence of a home for the man. The use of personification in the line â€Å"Clutching the pitiless red earth in vain† displays the character’s desperation. In the final line of the poem, the simile â€Å"whimpering like a stricken animal† exhibits the beggar’s total and complete defeat and creates an image of a defenceless man at the mercy of others. The poem ‘The African Beggar’ by Raymond Tong relates to the short story ‘The Drover’s Wife’, created by Henry Lawson, as both texts use distinctively visual language to surround the reader in a world of images that represent the story being told, and allow and encourage the audience to establish a relationship with the main persons of the text resulting in sympathising and understanding the characters. SHORT FILM TEXT ANALYSIS ‘My Constellation’ Director: Toby Morris The short film ‘My Constellation’, was directed by Toby Morris and won a place as a finalist in Tropfest 2014. The film follows a boy who is experiencing a deep loss and as a product embarks on an unusual adventure, leaving a trail of light bulbs wherever he goes. This text is distinctly visual solely through its cinematography due to the absence of dialogue, although sound contributes to the setting of atmosphere and direction in the short film. Morris vividly illustrates the image of the young boy’s lonely life and his experience of longing for someone that play an important role in his life. He does this through purposefully chosen sound and the careful thought of each mise en scene to allow the responders to either empathise or identify with the boy. The film is opened with a wide open shot of a starry night sky, followed by a close up shot of the protagonist, a small boy, who is laying upside down staring at the sky, quite obviously in deep thought. We see his mother leave the house and disappear into an unknown car. The darkness in the boy’s room as well as his lack of company and absence of his mother, as we had just seen, conveys to the responders that he is all alone, maybe isolated and there is a melancholic sense created through the featuring music as well as the protagonist’s expression and languid body language. Morris has then directed the camera to a medium shot, slowly panning to the left as the protagonist enters back into his bedroom shows an image of a close up shot of the light shining on a photo of a man who looks like a father figure, symbolizing the fact that this man is like a star, a bright part of his life, illuminating the darkness. This effect points out to the viewer of the protagonist’s experience of longing someone very important. Morris also creates a vivid image of the father’s importance for the protagonist, to build up the purpose of the film. He portrays the protagonist riding a bicycle with a string of shining light bulbs in the dead of night. The medium shot of him riding the bicycle panning upwards  symbolizes the journey that the protagonist goes through and the motif of light bulbs illuminating through the darkness symbolizes the stars in the night sky. This effect indicates to the viewer that the protagonist is alluding to his father being in space, going on a journey through the stars, emphasizing the idea that idolizes his father and wants to follow in his footsteps. In both â€Å"The Drover’s Wife† and â€Å"The Loaded Dog†, Lawson has used a variety of techniques to clearly depict vivid images of the experiences the characters have endured with each other and with the Australian outback. Similarly, in â€Å"My Constellation†, Morris has also vividly represented the journey and ambition the protagonist goes through, and specifically relates the expression of isolation and hardship that the woman faces in the absence of her husband. This text was chosen by me because I feel as though I can personally empathise and identify with the main character of the short film. The concept of feeling a little lonely and isolated when a significant figure or person is absent is universal and is definitely applicable to me personally as I have experienced this before. GREAT SOUTHERN LAND Standing at the limit of an endless ocean Stranded like a runaway, lost at sea City on a rainy day down in the harbour Watching as the grey clouds shadow the bay Looking everywhere ’cause I had to find you This is not the way that I remember it here Anyone will tell you it’s a prisoner island Hidden in the summer for a million years Great Southern Land, burned you black So you look into the land and it will tell you a story Story ’bout a journey ended long ago If you listen to the motion of the wind in the mountains Maybe you can hear them talking like I do â€Å"They’re gonna betray, they’re gonna forget you Are you gonna let them take you over this way† Great Southern Land, Great Southern Land You walk alone like a primitive man And they make it work with sticks and bones See their hungry eyes, it’s a hungry home I hear the sound of the stranger’s voices I see their hungry eyes, their hungry eyes Great Southern Land, Great Southern Land They burned you black, black against the ground Great Southern Land, in the sleeping sun You walk alone with the ghost of time They burned you black, black against the ground And they make it work with rocks and sand I hear the sound of the stranger’s voices I see their hungry eyes, their hungry eyes Great Southern Land, Great Southern Land You walk alone, like a primitive man You walk alone with the ghost of time And they burned you black Yeah, they burned you black Great Southern Land x 4 TEXT ANALYSIS ‘Great Southern Land’ Singers: Iceland The song ‘Great Southern Land’ by Iceland was written at the beginning of significant decade in relation to Indigenous affairs and the injustices done by the white settlers. Although there is ambivalence towards the land and the position of the indigenous and non-indigenous people are not mentioned, there is heavy use distinctively visual, sound, cinematography and metaphoric language in the text to convey the song’s purpose. The song opens on a strange, almost spooky, note which is held for a long duration; this immediately creates a mood of suspense and is some sort of vocal representation of the Australian land. The use of metaphor and simile in the  first two lines â€Å"Standing at the limit of an endless ocean, Stranded like a runaway lost at sea† create a vision of the first white inhabitants of Australia looking causelessly over the Australian land, and highlights the segregation of the continent from white civilisation. This idea of isolation and image of a never ending desert land is supported by the lead singer Iva Davies literally ‘walking alone’ on what looks like a desolate rocky hill. The specific camera angles used throughout the music video convey different images and moods, for example the high angled shots of the singer while walking down the rocky hill suggests that the harsh environment he is surrounded by is somewhat overwhelming, and soundly conveys the feelings that the first white settlers would have experienced. However, the low angles of the singer while walking and singing create an image of dominance over the land. This conjures an image in the responder’s mind of the white settlers ‘dominating’ the land in the form of deeply disturbing Aborigine culture/ land and oppressing the Indigenous people to extremes. The lyrics â€Å"I hear the strangers’ voices† and the personification in â€Å"I see their hungry eyes† really persuades the individual’s mind to envision the confused and frightened Aborigine people as well the white inhabitants of the land lusting after a land that does not rightfully belong to them, and allows the audience to empathise with their situation. The lyrics â€Å"million years† and â€Å"long ago† combined with the fading images of daylight to sunset encourages the audience to reflect on past injustices that have eventually lead to the current (at the time) Aboriginal movements. Then, as the remaining daylight fades from the sky, and the colour shifts from orange to blue, and the final repetition of the lyrics â€Å"Great Southern Land† is sung by Davies, the responders of accompanied by a sense of loss and a vision of the Indigenous people of Australia the suffering caused by the white settlers’ actions. This text relates to Henry Lawson’s ‘The Drover’s Wife’ through the use of several language techniques and the use of visual or verbal symbolism to express the isolation of its characters. This text was chosen by me for its nature. I like its metaphoric meaning and reference to the damaging of the Aboriginal civilisation by the white settlers. Aboriginal spirituality and the hardships they faced is something I’ve studied previously and have a thorough understanding of.

Interview on High School Experience Essay

Russ Posten, neighbor and close family friend, entered the breakfast room of my house for the interview, happy and positive, true to his nature. Sitting down, eager to begin, he gave me a brief over-view of his life. He lived in California until fifth of sixth grade, when he moved to Spokane, Washington. He started off at Jefferson Elementary, â€Å"was poured into Sacajawea Middle School, and dumped into Lewis and Clark. † In elementary and middle school he reported being socially awkward, but for Posten, high school was a time of social prosper. While these four years were a lot of fun, they were also very trying and life-defining. During the high school years, Russ was a social butterfly. Though many factors had an effect on him, he feels that the social set which he belonged to was very important. â€Å"I wasn’t a jock, and I wasn’t a popular kid. [†¦] My set was not singular. † Posten and a few close friends were liked by everyone, and were always busy. He estimates that he dated twenty to thirty girls during high school. His current friendships are very diverse. A lot of my friends are very diverse- some die-hard redneck idiots—why am I friends with these people? But they all have redeeming qualities. † We both chuckle, and Russ agrees to a banana-chocolate chip muffin, just out of the oven. He casually added that not having a clique helped to formulate the interactions he has with others today. For Russ, sophomore year was extremely life shaping, due to the death of two close frien ds. Andrea Richards, a close friend who was dating a buddy, committed suicide. On Russ’ seventeenth birthday, â€Å"She tried to take an entire bottle of Advil, and by the time she realized what she had done, she didn’t want to die, but it was too late. †At this point, Russ’ tone changes dramatically, as he shifts uncomfortably in his seat â€Å"There was a huge ordeal; they were trying to save her. It was very traumatic. † Within six months of Andrea’s death, a close friend, Chip, also died. These experiences continue to affect Russ. â€Å"I guess for me, it made me very pragmatic in life, and steered me towards certain things, like my religion [He is Buddhist]. This is because I saw a lot of death in high school. † Noting that his favorite part of high school was the social aspect, Posten admits that he â€Å"honestly hated high school†. His least favorite part was thinking that, â€Å"the whole educational process was a joke. † In elaboration, Russ told me that he took college much more seriously because he genuinely cared about what he was studying. Wishing he had been a bit more studious, Posten has another major regret: lack of school-sport involvement. Russ recollects, with mock-shame, â€Å"The baseball team drafted me as a pitcher, but I couldn’t play if I didn’t cut my hair. And I didn’t cut my hair. † All most twenty years later, he still finds himself wondering what might have come of it, had he joined the team. Posten needs to pick up his daughter, who is a third-grader at Jefferson, and I need to leave for ballet. As he walks out the door, Russ half-jokingly adds that if my English teacher ever need a guest speaker, 1992’s ASB president is always available.

Around making life seem like a déjàvu Essay

It is quite remarkable how the sands of time revolve around making life seem like a deja vu. This makes it difficult to draw the line guessing if we are still dreaming or already awake. All eyes are once again drawn to an hour glass being flipped upside down over and over again. However, this time around, the consequences are devastating and the results, catastrophic. And as cliche as it may sound, we hear the question once more, did history repeat itself? Truth be told, we are constantly bombarded with all these alleged justifications for waging the ever controversial war in Iraq. As loquacious and persuasive as the maestros of the war in Iraq may sound, the melody of their symphony is found to be wanting. The sentiment that supports the war in Iraq is simply founded on alleged information that Iraq possesses and are developing weapons of mass destruction. In addition, U. S. officials have claimed that Saddam Hussein is supporting the al-Queda and other terrorist groups (Hayes, 1). With these primary reasons set forth, one reason after another started to pop out like unwanted mushrooms in a garden. The Americans then claimed of human rights abuses made by the Iraqi government. Moreover, the Americans have this illusion that they have the civic and moral duty to promote democracy to this part of the world. And lastly but certainly not the least, there is also the most profitable reason of all, the Iraqi oil reserves which according to the U. S. is being improperly handled by the Iraqi government by destabilising influence to the flow of oil to international markets from the Middle East making this an unacceptable risk. With all these in mind, America then launched their so called pre-emptive strike seizing desperately for every opportunity and ally they could possibly get. From a certain point-of-view, it can be said that they became victorious. They are victorious for â€Å"waging† or â€Å"starting† a war but not victorious in the war itself. This because despite the vastness of the land they have conquered and despite the hundreds of thousands enemies they put down, at the end of the day, in war, nobody is a winner. There is only suffering, destruction and death. People call the invasion a â€Å"fatal mistake† (Gunaratna, 98). The most annoying and irritating truth the people of the world including the Americans realized is that there are no weapons of mass destruction. There is no proof that Saddam Hussein cooperated with the al-Queda or any terrorist groups and the fear of Saddam’s domination is merely speculation (Shuster, 1). There is no proof of the human rights abuses which the U. S. officials accused at the Iraqi government. And the illusion of promulgating democracy to Iraq is in fact still an illusion. Still, there is the issue on the oil reserves mismanagement. However, the truth is that the â€Å"mismanagement† that is alleged here only refers to the refusal to cooperate with U. S. with regard to the trade on the oil reserves. Therefore, this entire war does not seem to hinge upon deadly non-existent biological weapons, nor an issue the war on terrorism, nor that which concerns human rights or democracy. It all came down to a barrel of oil. But for those who find such a truth inconceivable or incomprehensible, just count the how many lives perished regardless of their nationality. How many children were orphaned, family members mourning and homes destroyed. Is a person’s life worth for fighting this meaningless war? Most people in the world know the pain of losing somebody. Well imagine the horrors of losing somebody you care about for something not even consequentially important in the history of humanity. It is hard to even contemplate that the billions and billions of dollars spent to kill countless lives in this war could have spent countless lives from hunger, diseases and poverty. Here once more is war like those before it. However, this time around, the consequences are devastating and the results, catastrophic. And as cliche as it may sound, we hear the question once more, did history repeat itself?Well, we realize that history does not repeat itself, but rather we repeat history. WORKS CITED Gunaratna, Rohan. â€Å"The Post-Madrid Face of Al Qaeda†, Washington Quarterly 27:3 (Summer 2004) p. 98. Hayes, Stephen F. and Joscelyn, Thomas The Mother of All Connections A special report on the new evidence of collaboration between Saddam Hussein’s Iraq and al Qaeda Volume 010, Issue 41 July 18, 2005 Shuster, D. â€Å"Road to war; How the Bush administration sold the Iraq War to American people†. MSNBC, Nov. 8, 2005 Retrieved on November 30, 2006 from, http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/9962149/

Mitigation and Response Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mitigation and Response Plan - Research Paper Example The first priority of this program is to protect the America from terrorist attacks and coercion. Second on the list is to ensure secure national borders both the south and the North. Moreover it ensures laws governing immigration are followed to later. This department prosecutes those who go against the country laws. And finally, it assists communities to plan, respond and recuperate from disasters.DHS believes in the homeland security enterprise. This refers to the collective responsibility of Federal, state, local, tribal, private sector entities, non-governmental organizations, individuals and communities to beef up security abilities. These parties share a common interest in safeguarding and assuring security to the American population. Existence of sophisticated communication network between these parties and agencies provides crucial information that step up security measures across the country’s borders (Jean, 2003). Essentially, the ultimate goal of DHS is to ensure a safe homeland where citizens are assured of their liberties and protection of their privacy.DHS is among the most crucial element of the national enterprise. This department possesses unique abilities and responsibilities in securing and managing borders and systems of immigration.DHS undertakes leadership and stewardship roles in areas relating to critical infrastructure protection and emergency management On the other hand, DHS in liaison with other departments and agencies have key roles and responsibilities to undertake on areas like defense, diplomacy and counterterrorism. Some of these departments or agencies include justice, Defense and state, the National Counterterrorism Center and Federal Bureau of Investigation. On policy making, the white house plays a key role in giving direction and helps in coordinating (Jean, 2003). This plan intends to explicitly outline mitigation and response actions towards averting a terrorist crime on borders and the possible measures and effe ctive strategic plan to be embraced to manage risks on the national borders. It is notable that chapter 2, subsection 6 of the USA constitution provides that, the main responsibility is to defend the United States of America and its territories. Some of the risks that face the United States today, include Al-Qaeda and global terrorism, wide-scale cyber attacks, pandemics and major accidents, illicit trafficking and smaller scale terrorist attacks (Jean, 2003). This plan intends to use Al-Qaeda and Taliban global terrorist attack as an example of a crisis in this case study. Terrorist attack has become a major shock wave in the United States of America. Focus on the plan‘s suitability and efficiency on mitigating and responding to the crisis shall be considered. There has been several Al-Qaeda and Taliban attempted attacks on America before and after 11 2001.For instance, on 12 October 2000. Al-Qaeda attacked the USS Cole in Yemen. This incident occurred on the port of Aden. On e year Later this al-Qaeda directed a very serious attack on several buildings in America, which left many people dead. This remains memorable and listed among the worst terrorist attack in the world. After the 2001 terrorist attack, al-Qaeda has since then directed attacks